Advances in Molecular Diagnosis, Prognostication and Targeted Therapy in Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Updated Review

The integration of molecular genetics into lymphoma diagnostics and management has revolutionized hematologic oncology. This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest advances in molecular diagnostic techniques, risk stratification, and targeted therapeutic approaches for B-cell and T-cell lymphomas, with reference to contemporary guidelines and emerging clinical research. The paradigm shifts from morphology-based to genetics-integrated diagnostics has significantly enhanced diagnostic accuracy, prognostic precision, and personalized treatment strategies. We detail the clinical utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), next-generation sequencing (NGS), gene expression profiling (GEP), and emerging technologies, along with their implications for targeted therapy selection, resistance monitoring, and clinical trial design. Special emphasis is placed on actionable genetic alterations that guide therapeutic decisions in routine practice and investigational settings.