Nanoparticle-Mediated Biofilm Eradication: Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Clinical Pathogens

Biofilm-associated infections remain a major challenge in healthcare due to biofilms’ ability to protect bacteria from antibiotics and host immune responses, contributing significantly to the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Nanoparticle (NP)-based strategies effectively combat biofilms by improving drug delivery, penetrating biofilm matrices, and exerting antimicrobial activity. Recent advances in metallic, polymeric, and lipid nanoparticles targeting biofilm-forming bacteria show disruption of biofilm structure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, quorum-sensing inhibition, and targeted antimicrobial delivery. These approaches outperform antibiotics in reducing biofilms; optimizing design, safety, and clinical translation is key for MDR treatment.