Application of Photoelectric Effect and Electron Diffraction for Optimizing the Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells: A Literature Review

As the next generation of photovoltaic devices, perovskite solar cells have a lot of promise. But material deterioration and instability present a serious problem. This article reviews how the photoelectric effect and electron diffraction can help improve device performance through a PRISMA-based Systematic Literature Review. The review looks at fifteen studies that were published between 2020 and 2025, with an emphasis on energy conversion processes, structural stability, and characterization techniques. The synthesis shows that electron-based methods are essential for detecting crystal defects, halide segregation, and degradation behavior under operando conditions. These methods include in situ TEM, EBSD, four-dimensional STEM, SAED, and TEM. The results highlight how crucial it is to manage microstructure, lessen ion segregation, and uphold standard characterization procedures in order to increase stability and effectiveness. Since no previous work has fully integrated photovoltaic mechanisms with electron diffraction in a single framework, this review addresses a clear research gap and encourages multimodal operando approaches with better film growth control.