Zenata and the Safari Kharijites in the Islamic Maghreb (122–154 AH/739– 771 AD): Exploring Tribal Movements and Changing Central Authority

Objectives: This study investigates the Zenata tribe's influence in the Kharijite Zero Revolts in the Islamic Maghreb from 122 to 154 AH / 739 to 771 AD. It identifies the tribe as a crucial tribal, political, and military actor that influenced the course and results of the revolts, as well as the shifting power dynamics between the Middle and Far Maghreb. The research also aims to analyze the motivations behind Zenata's participation in the Zero Movement, evaluate their alliances with revolutionary leaders, and examine how their role contributed to the weakening of central authority in the Maghreb during this time. Methodology: The study employed a historical-analytical approach, critically analyzing classical Arabic sources related to news of the Islamic Maghreb and the Kharijites, while integrating recent research. It involved tracing the origins, branches, and members of Zanata, examining the conditions that facilitated the spread of the Zero Call within tribal communities, and analyzing the key stages of the Zero Revolutions. This included starting with the Maysara al-Mutaghari revolution (122 AH/739 AD), studying Khalid ibn Humaid al-Zanati's role in major battles, and ending with the Zenati influence in later alignments and events, such as the siege of Tabna. All narratives were cross-checked and evaluated based on rigorous historical criticism. Results: The study showed that the success of the Zero Movement in the Maghreb was influenced not only by ideological reasons but also by rulers' grievances, mismanagement, and collection problems, which increased the spread of the zero discourse among tribal groups. It also indicated that Zenata was not just a follower in the revolutions; instead, it took on a leadership role during critical moments, helping to turn protests into tangible military and political actions. Its leadership and military capabilities led to significant shifts in power dynamics, resulting in a noticeable weakening of central authority across large parts of Morocco. The study identified Zenata as a key factor influencing the direction and results of the zero revolutions in the Islamic Maghreb during the studied period. Zenata's role facilitated the expansion of revolutionary efforts and reduced the dominance of central authority, resulting in a transformed political landscape. The research recommends further examination of Zenata's internal organization and tribal alliances in early Islamic Maghreb to gain deeper insight into the power shifts and social changes of that era.