Solvent Effects on Gold-Catalyzed Organic Transformations

Gold catalysis has revolutionized organic synthesis by enabling diverse transformations under mild conditions with exceptional selectivity.The solvent environment plays a pivotal role in modulating the activity, selectivity, and mechanistic pathways of gold-catalyzed reactions.This comprehensive review elucidates the influence of various solvent parameterspolarity, coordination ability, protic/aprotic nature-on gold catalysis.Through detailed examples and case studies from recent literature, the main focus of this article is to highlight the impacts of solvent choice in catalytic efficiency, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and reaction mechanism.Emphasis is placed on understanding these effects for rational reaction optimization and design in gold-mediated transformations.Challenges and future directions, including the use of unconventional solvents, are also discussed.