Evolution of Corrosion Management: From Classical Electrochemistry to Smart Self-Healing Systems

Corrosion is a pervasive and complex electrochemical process characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction on metallic surfaces.This review paper systematically explores the fundamental mechanisms of material degradation, emphasizing the critical role of electrochemical potential differences-arising from material heterogeneities or environmental variations-in the formation of localized corrosion cells.It categorizes major manifestations of corrosion, such as uniform thinning, galvanic coupling, pitting, crevice attack, and stress corrosion cracking (SCC), while identifying the intrinsic material factors and extrinsic environmental stressors that govern their kinetics.Particular focus is given to the economic and environmental impacts of corrosion across key industrial sectors, including the oil and gas, construction, and biomedical industries.The second half of the review highlights recent advancements in corrosion science, specifically the integration of nanotechnology and advanced analytical techniques for more precise monitoring and characterization at the micro and nano scales.Current mitigation strategies are discussed, ranging from traditional cathodic protection and protective coatings to the development of "smart" self-healing systems and sustainable, eco-friendly green inhibitors.The paper also examines emerging challenges in green energy technologies, carbon capture systems, and the hydrogen economy, where aggressive operating environments necessitate innovative material solutions.Ultimately, the review underscores the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach for ensuring structural integrity, safety, and long-term sustainability in modern industrial infrastructure.