A Narrative Review: Maternal Comorbidities and Amniocentesis-Related Complications

Objective: To evaluate whether common maternal conditions—such as vaginitis, infection, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Rh-negative pregnancy, and the use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)—influence the safety or outcomes of amniocentesis, and to provide practical recommendations to optimize maternal and fetal safety. Mechanism: Amniocentesis is the most widely used invasive prenatal diagnostic procedure worldwide. It involves inserting via a transabdominal approach to obtain fetal samples, including cells, metabolites, urine, or secretions, from the amniotic fluid. Complications include premature rupture of membranes (PROM), infection, spontaneous miscarriage, and pregnancy loss, although their overall incidence is