Helicobacter pylori infection: variants of extragastral localization

The article presents a comprehensive review that systematizes current data on extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. In addition to the well-established association of the microbe with gastrointestinal pathologies (gastritis, ulcer, gastric cancer), H. pylori can persist in other organs and exert a systemic negative influence on the body. The article examines four main pathways for the development of extragastric manifestations during the persistence of the microorganism: direct migration of the bacteria and colonization of other organs, the development of chronic systemic inflammation and endotoxinemia, the phenomenon of molecular mimicry leading to autoimmune reactions, and an indirect influence through disruption of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). It is emphasized that Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal dysbiosis are links in the same pathogenetic chain. Eradication therapy can exacerbate dysbiosis, highlighting the potential benefit of using probiotics.