The Evolution of the gut dysbiosis theory

Ince the discovery of microorganisms, the question of the role and mechanisms of the effect of microflora on the human body has constantly arisen. Views on the microbiota varied depending on the level of its scientific knowledge. The article examines the historical formation and current state of the gut dysbiosis theory. Aim of investigation. To trace the evolution of the gut dysbiosis theory, to summarize modern ideas about the composition, functions and role of the microbiota in maintaining human health, as well as to analyze methods for the diagnosis and correction of microbial balance disorders. Materials and methods. An analytical review of domestic and foreign literature sources on the problem of microbiocenosis has been conducted, including historical data, the results of fundamental and clinical research, as well as a comparative analysis of modern methods for diagnosing gut microbial ecology disorders, including molecular genetic and metabolomic approaches. Results. It has been established that the development of the gut dysbiosis theory has passed through several stages - from the heuristic to the analytical, reflecting the deepening of knowledge about the symbiotic interactions of humans and the microbiota. The main functions of the microbiota (energy supply, immunomodulation, vitamin synthesis, protection against pathogens) have been determined. Classifications and criteria of dysbiosis are presented, modern diagnostic methods are proposed, including gas-liquid chromatography of short-chain fatty acids, which is highly informative. The principles of correction of microbiocenosis disorders using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and metabiotics are substantiated, and the effectiveness of individualized treatment regimens is shown. Conclusion. The modern gut dysbiosis theory is based on the understanding of the microbiota as a full-fledged “metabolic organ”, closely integrated with the macroorganism. The development of molecular and metabolic technologies opens up prospects for personalized medicine, early diagnosis and targeted correction of microecological disorders. Further research should be aimed at studying the mechanisms of interaction of the microbiota with various body systems and developing targeted therapeutic strategies.