Prevalence and Predictors of Complex Post-Traumatic stress disorder in a Community Cohort of Criminal-Justice-Involved Women in the UK

Women involved in the criminal justice system experience disproportionately high levels of trauma, with risk profiles distinct from those observed in men. This study examined the prevalence of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (cPTSD) and risk factors extending beyond discrete “index” traumas among CJ-involved women. 91 women (mean age = 36, SD = 11) accessing women’s centers in England following prison release or probation referral were assessed with the International Trauma Questionnaire and the Women’s Risk Needs Assessment. Non-Negative Elastic Net Regression identified predictors of cPTSD. 83%met diagnostic criteria for cPTSD, with a further 10% meeting criteria for PTSD. Strongest predictors included homelessness, childhood abuse, residential care and child removal. Findings indicate trauma exposure is characterized by cumulative adversity and prolonged unsafe conditions rather than isolated events. Current diagnostic frameworks may inadequately capture these experiences, underscoring the need for trauma-informed approaches that recognize structural harm and exclusion from statutory support.