Development and Evaluation of a Paper-and-Pencil Implicit Association Test for Intelligence to Assess the Intellectual Image of Physical Education

In Japan, physical education (PE) is often perceived as less intellectual than other school subjects. To address this bias, we developed a paper-based implicit measure to evaluate the intellectual image of PE. The test adapts the FUMIE test (Mori et al., 2008), a paper-and-pencil version of the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998), suitable for group use in schools. In Study 1, 52 university students rated 100 two-kanji Japanese words as “intellectual,” “non-intellectual,” or “neutral.” Based on high agreement, we selected 20 intellectual and 10 non-intellectual words to construct the iFUMIE test. In Study 2, we evaluated its reliability and validity using the target words “understanding” and “ignorance,” with 51 students. Results confirmed the test’s usability in measuring implicit intellectual associations. The iFUMIE offers a foundation for future research assessing the effects of instructional efforts designed to enhance the perceived intellectual value of PE.