Japanese translation and cultural adaptation of the Personal Attribute Questionnaire and Gender Role Expectation of Pain Questionnaire.

The inclusion of sex and gender in research designs and analyses is essential to allow the generalization of research findings to men, women, and gender diverse individuals. The Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) provides an assessment of expressivity (femininity) and instrumentality (masculinity), which reflect socially and culturally defined feminine and masculine ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The Gender Role Expectation of Pain (GREP) questionnaire was developed to assess gender-related stereotypic attributions about pain sensitivity, pain endurance, and willingness to report pain. The aim of this study is to provide the Japanese translation and cultural adaptation of the PAQ and GREP to facilitate the inclusion of gender and gender variables in future biomedical, psychological and social research conducted in Japanese.