Planning for Solitude in Retirement: A Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective on Alone Time in Older Adulthood

Retirement marks a significant life transition, often accompanied by the loss of structured work routines, and subsequently, an increase in alone time. This study interviewed 8 pre-retirees and 15 retirees using semi-structured interviews. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, we asked participants to reflect on their attitudes toward solitude, other people’s judgement toward their time alone, and their perceived control over managing solitude during retirement. Thematic analysis revealed themes related to general changes after retirement, including shifts in identity, the desire to balance social connection and alone time, as well as themes concerning factors that shape solitude experiences, such as personal autonomy and financial stability. While some participants embraced solitude as an opportunity for personal growth and well-being, others faced challenges such as boredom and isolation. Findings suggest that achieving a balance between alone time and social engagement is critical to fostering positive experiences of solitude in retirement.