Phytochemical based nanoformulations: an advanced strategy for the management of metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a silent epidemic condition is characterized by a cluster of metabolic dysfunctions, including hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia, which collectively increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The rising global prevalence of MetS and its association with increased morbidity and mortality have made it a significant public health concern. The complex pathophysiology of MetS, driven by the intricate interplay of metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory pathways, often results in partial therapeutic efficacy, treatment resistance and challenges in achieving sustained disease control. Recently, phytochemicals which are the bioactive compounds derived from plants have gained considerable attention for their therapeutic potential in managing MetS owing to their diverse pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects. Phytochemicals like curcumin, resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate have demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating metabolic derangements associated with MetS. However, their clinical application is often limited by poor bioavailability, rapid metabolism and low solubility. To address these limitations, nanoformulations of phytochemicals have been developed, leveraging advancements in nanotechnology to enhance their stability, solubility and bioavailability. Encapsulation in nanosystems, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles, enables sustained release, targeted delivery and improved therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. These nanoformulations facilitate precise delivery of active moieties to specific tissues or cellular targets, thereby optimizing therapeutic outcomes. This review highlights the potential of application of nanoformulated phytochemicals in the management of MetS, emphasizing their pharmacokinetic improvements and therapeutic benefits.