Photosynthetic algae: A key player in carbon sequestration

The growing challenge of rising greenhouse gas emissions and climate change demands effective carbon mitigation strategies. Photosynthetic algae, including microalgae and macroalgae, offer a sustainable solution by capturing atmospheric CO₂ through photosynthesis while producing oxygen and valuable biomass. Algae contribute to nearly half of the oxygen on Earth and play a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Microalgae, such as Chlorella and Diatoms grow rapidly in freshwater and marine environments, efficiently accumulating biomass and lipids. Macroalgae, such as kelps and seaweeds, provide large-scale carbon sequestration through long-term oceanic deposition. Advances in biotechnology, such as improved photobioreactors, genetic engineering, and AI-driven optimization, have enhanced the feasibility of large-scale algae cultivation, when integrated with carbon sequestration or wastewater treatment. Despite challenges such as enzyme inefficiency and high costs, algae remain a versatile tool for reducing greenhouse gases, supporting biofuels, and promoting a low-carbon future through targeted research and policy incentives. This review focuses on exploring the ability of photosynthetic algal organisms as suitable instruments to mitigate carbon accumulation and enhance oxygen availability in the environment.