Understanding Urban Vulnerability of the Built Environment in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Kathmandu Valley in Nepal faces increasing resource competition and associated conflict, often resulting in exploitative practices and amplified vulnerability among urban populations. The high intensity of natural and human‑induced hazards is further compounding these vulnerabilities. Understanding the socio‑physical vulnerability of the built environment assists in identifying at‑risk communities and strengthening community resilience. This study explores the urban vulnerability in eighteen municipalities of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, shaped by housing conditions, built environment, and service‑infrastructure accessibility. The Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) was used alongside Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and consultations with local authorities. Geo‑spatial tools were used to analyze the spatial dimensions of urban vulnerability. The findings reveal that among eighteen urban municipalities, Shankarapur municipality is very highly vulnerable, and six other municipalities are highly vulnerable. In comparison to housing conditions and the built environment, service and infrastructure accessibility emerged as the most variable component, with SoVI scores ranging from 0.03 to 0.91. The research highlights that recognizing critical gaps helps policymakers create more inclusive and effective urban resilience strategies. Ensuring equitable access to resources and services is essential for building resilient urban communities.