Deepening Fault Lines: Leadership and the Future of Ethnic, Religious, and Cultural Conflict in Nepal

Identity‑based conflicts often emerge from deepening fault lines in ethnic, religious, and cultural contexts. Nepal has witnessed several identity‑related incidents in recent years; however, these incidents were limited in scope and intensity, and were contained. At the same time, the country has demonstrated potential for strong ethnic, religious and cultural cohesion when genuine inclusiveness is practiced. Nevertheless, Nepal’s diversity remains fragile, marked with fault lines that could trigger potential conflict in the future. The identity‑related disputes that have emerged in the country stem from historically intertwined with emotions, institutional shortcomings, accumulated grievances and struggles over access to resources and rights. However, as demonstrated through the case studies, leadership emerges as a key driver in such conflicts. Nepal is likely to enter an era identity‑based conflict rooted in ethnic, religious or cultural divisions if political leaders continue to undermine the state institutions, ignore genuine grievances and frame narratives for vested political interests.