Regional Disparities in Out-Migration Patterns from Odisha: An Evidence-Based Study Using Census Data

This study examines the patterns, regional disparities, and gender dimensions of out-migration from Odisha using Census data from 1991, 2001, and 2011. The present study reveals that the Eastern and Central regions consistently attract the largest share of migrants, while Southern, Western, Northern, and North-Eastern regions experience more selective and urban-oriented migration. Gender-specific trends indicate a gradual rise in female migration, largely for marriage and family-related reasons, whereas male migration is predominantly driven by work, business, and employment opportunities. Over time, migration has shifted from predominantly rural and proximity-based flows towards more diversified, urban-oriented, and family-inclusive movements, reflecting structural socio-economic changes in the state. The study suggest that economic necessity, social institutions, educational opportunities, and regional inequalities collectively influence migration patterns, providing insights for targeted policy interventions and regional development planning.