А multifactor model of the influence of biomechanical, psychological, and environmental parameters on sport performance in equestrian athletics

The article is devoted to the development and substantiation of a multifactor model that integrates biomechanical, psychological, and environmental parameters influencing athletic performance in equestrian sport. The study provides a systematic analysis of contemporary scientific research addressing the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of horse and rider movement, the specificities of proprioceptive control, movement asymmetries, and the mechanisms of motor learning within the “horse–rider” system. Considerable attention is given to psychological aspects, including temperament, emotional states, motivational factors, and their impact on discipline-specific performance. The cognitive characteristics of the horse—such as learning ability, novelty reactivity, and patterns of social interaction—are examined as determinants of behavioural stability in training and competitive settings. The article also analyses key environmental determinants, including climatic conditions, surface type, equipment quality, and the broader social environment, all of which influence comfort, safety, and the overall effectiveness of horse–rider interaction. The proposed model is grounded in the conceptual principles of the Triple-E framework, ensuring the integration of the three core sectors and accounting for their reciprocal relationships. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of modern technological tools (sensor-based systems, video analysis, biomechanical platforms) and the practical potential of mathematical modelling. Ethical considerations related to equine welfare are highlighted as an essential component of high-quality training practice. The proposed multifactor model has applied significance for physical education, athletic training, and veterinary-ethological practice, as it contributes to the optimisation of training programmes, the reduction of injury risks, and the enhancement of performance in both professional and amateur equestrian sport.