The asymptotic properties of the extreme eigenvectors of high-dimensional generalized spiked covariance models

In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic behaviors of the extreme eigenvectors in a general spiked covariance matrix, where the dimension and sample size increase proportionally. We eliminate the restrictive assumption of the block diagonal structure in the population covariance matrix. Moreover, there is no requirement for the spiked eigenvalues and the 4th moment to be bounded. Specifically, we apply random matrix theory to derive the convergence and limiting distributions of certain projections of the extreme eigenvectors in a large sample covariance matrix within a generalized spiked population model. Furthermore, our techniques are robust and effective, even when spiked eigenvalues differ significantly in magnitude from nonspiked ones. Finally, we propose a powerful test for the eigenspaces of covariance matrices.