Adaptive Changes of Chromosomal Q-Heterochromatin in The Human Population That Has Been Forced to Live in The Extreme Climatic Conditions

Homo sapiens is the only one of the animals that managed to populate the entire Earth while remaining a single tropical biological species. It period is noteworthy that modern man started and implemented this unprecedented biological experience in a very short of time (50,000-70,000 years). There are many hypotheses that try to answer this question: the role of reason, a large brain with neocortex, high physiological plasticity, bipedalism, the peculiarity of the forelimbs and many others. After the completion of the Human Genome Project, the possible role of genes in the adaptation to different ecological zones began to be studied purposefully. Yet many questions remain unanswered, including why exactly did man manage to master of the Earth, if there are no genes in his genome, which in one form or another would be absent in other animals? We believe that a part of the so-called ‘excess’ DNA in the human genome, which represents chromosomal heterochromatin regions (HRs), probably played and continues to play an important role in this process. In particular the chromosomal Q-heterochromatin regions (Q-HRs), which are present in the genome of only three higher primates (Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla). The peculiarity of chromosomal Q-HRs is that they show wide heritable variability only in the human populations. We managed to obtain data indicating the adaptive changes in the chromosomal of Q-HRs in the human population, which due to circumstances beyond their control migrate to the territory with extreme climatic conditions.