Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacological Activities of Propolis

Propolis, a resinous bee product, protects hives and contains over 500 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, and minerals. Its composition varies regionally, influencing therapeutic potential. Traditionally valued, modern studies confirm antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Despite commercialization, standardization challenges persist, requiring improved extraction and clinical validation. Propolis, a resinous bee product, has been valued since antiquity for healing and preservation. Its composition, exceeding 300 compounds, varies with regional flora, yielding diverse types such as European, Brazilian, and Cuban. Rich in phenolics, propolis exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities, supporting applications in medicine, food, and health supplements. Propolis demonstrates antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. It supports diabetes management via flavonoids, reduces inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, induces apoptosis in cancer cells, protects gastrointestinal health, shows promise in COVID 19 therapy, and alleviates asthma through anti allergic effects. Its diverse bioactive compounds highlight broad therapeutic potential across diseases.