Methodological tools for analysing returns on investments in human capital

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of existing approaches to assessing the effectiveness of investments in human capital. Various methodologies are considered, ranging from traditional cost-based and income-based approaches to modern index and econometric models. Based on an analysis of extensive scientific literature and empirical research, key indicators and tools used to measure both monetary and non-monetary returns on investments in education, health, and professional development are systematized. The advantages and limitations of each method are highlighted in the context of their practical application at the macro-, meso-, and micro-levels. Particular attention is paid to the problem of adapting foreign methods to Russian realities and the need to develop a comprehensive assessment system that takes into account the specifics of the national economy. The paper substantiates the importance of using a multidimensional approach to analysis, combining quantitative and qualitative indicators. A promising direction for further research is proposed related to the development of an integrated methodology for assessing the full economic and social impact of investments in human capital.