Onset of feeding behavior in intensively housed dairy calves

Development of early feed and water intake is not well documented in dairy calves, and little is known about how traditional, intensive feeding management influences the development of species-specific behaviors, such as rumination. Our first objective was to describe grain, water, and hay intake in calves from birth. Our second objective was to evaluate whether early access to hay influenced the likelihood of reaching biologically relevant thresholds of grain and water intake (grain: 50, 100, 250, 500, 900 g; water: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 L), and rumination (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% of a 24-h d) compared with grain alone. Our third objective was to evaluate if hay provision affected the age at which calves reached these thresholds. We enrolled 49 Holstein heifer calves over 2 yr (2018: 22; 2019: 27) that were housed individually and fed milk replacer via a bottle (2018: 5.7-8.4 L/d; 2019: 3.8-5.6 L/d), as is common in the United States. Calves received ad libitum water and grain (Control: n = 20) with additional access to chopped mountaingrass hay (Hay: n = 29) from d 0. Intake was measured daily until the start of weaning at 49 to 51 d. Calves were ear-tagged at 3 ± 2 d (mean ± SD) of age with an accelerometer (SenseHub, Merck Animal Health) that classified rumination by minute continuously through 38 ± 10 d (mean ± SD) of age. We analyzed age of onset as the first of 3 consecutive days that a calf met the threshold level with a zero-inflated hurdle model. The logistic regression component of this model evaluated whether access to hay affected the likelihood of reaching each onset threshold. The second, conditional component of the model evaluated, among the calves that met a given threshold, if having access to hay affected the age at which they reached it. We found that calves consumed grain, hay, and water within 1 d of birth. Calves consumed small quantities of hay throughout the milk-fed period, typically