Distribution of Pulp Stone and Pulpal Obliteration in Relation to Demographic and Dental Profile among Patients Attending a Tertiary Health Center in Kathmandu: An Observational Study

Introduction: Pulp stones are calcified masses within pulpal tissue that may occur in healthy, diseased, or unerupted teeth. Although asymptomatic and usually detected radiographically, their presence may complicate root canal access and endodontic treatment. This study aimed to assess the distribution of pulp stones with respect to gender, age, periodontal status, dental arch, and status of the crown. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over 14 months (May 2024- June 2025) among patients attending the Dental Department using a convenience sampling technique after institutional ethical approval. Panoramic radiographs taken as part of treatment planning were evaluated. Pulp stones were identified as radiopaque masses in the pulp chamber. Crown status, caries, restorations, periodontal status, and pulpal obliteration were also noted. A total of 372 radiographs comprising 4,464 teeth were analyzed. Data were entered into SPSS.v21, and Cohen’s κ was used to assess intra- and inter-observer reliability. Results: Among 372 patients, pulp stones were observed in permanent maxillary and mandibular molars (n=4464); pulp stones were found in 1,423 teeth (31.88%). They were more prevalent in females, 940 (66.06%), and in the 26–35 years age group, 604 (42.44%). Patients without periodontitis showed a higher prevalence of 821 (57.70%). Mandibular teeth 742 (52.14%) were more affected, particularly the mandibular left first molar 234 (62.90%). Most affected teeth had intact crowns 1303 (91.57%). Conclusions: Pulp stones were prevalent among females, younger adults, mandibular molars, and intact teeth. It was less prevalent in patients with periodontitis.