Volumetric Postcontrast T1 Turbo Spin-Echo vs Gradient-Recalled Echo MR Sequences for Detecting Brain Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: Contrast-enhanced 3D T1-weighted MRI is the imaging reference for detection and follow-up of brain metastases. Volumetric GRE-based sequences, such as MPRAGE, are widely used but remain prone to susceptibility and lower lesion conspicuity. 3D black-blood TSE-based sequences, such as sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts by using different flip angle evolutions (SPACE), have been increasingly embedded into routine workflow and are thought to improve lesion detection in part through vessel signal suppression. PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the comparative diagnostic performance of 3D T1 TSE vs GRE sequences for the detection of brain metastases. DATA SOURCES: Studies comparing the diagnostic performance of postcontrast 3D T1 TSE and GRE sequences in adults with brain metastases were searched on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, and PROSPERO, from inception through April 2025. STUDY SELECTION: Fifteen studies encompassing 544 patients with 4338 metastases were included. DATA ANALYSIS: Data on diagnostic accuracy parameters, image quality, and interrater agreement were extracted. Random-effects models were applied to compute pooled sensitivity and comparative OR for lesion detection. Risk of bias was assessed using QUADAS-2 and QUADAS-C tools. DATA SYNTHESIS: < .0001). Detectability of small lesions (