Association of Health-Promoting Lifestyle with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Background: Lifestyle encompasses a wide range of daily habits and behaviors such as diet, physical activity, smoking, weight management, and stress control. These factors may directly and indirectly affect cardiometabolic risk factors and overall health status. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the lifestyle status of patients with cardiovascular disease and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 patients with cardiovascular disease, selected through convenience sampling from a super-specialty heart center in Guilan province, northern Iran. Data were collected using a demographic and clinical characteristics form and the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and hierarchical multiple linear regression, with a significance level set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean of lifestyle score in patients was 126 (standard deviation=24.3), and the majority of samples (61.7%) had unhealthy lifestyle. To investigate the role of lifestyle and its dimensions in predicting cardiometabolic outcomes, spiritual growth component of lifestyle emerged as a significant predictor of triglyceride level (β=0.69, P