Indoor and Outdoor Exposure: Recent Advances in Research on Lung Cancer in Women and Its Association with Household Cooking Fumes, Secondhand Smoke, and PM2.5

This study provides important theoretical basis for etiological research and the development of prevention and control strategies for lung cancer in women. By systematically examining the independent and synergistic exposure effects of household cooking fumes, secondhand smoke, and PM2.5, the study overcomes the limitations of traditional single-factor research and, for the first time, reveals the environmental pathogenic mechanisms underlying the high incidence of lung cancer in non-smoking women from an integrated perspective of indoor and outdoor dual exposure. The study elucidates the synergistic carcinogenic effects of the three environmental factors through common pathways such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, chronic inflammation, and epigenetic changes, providing a new theoretical framework for explaining the lung cancer incidence risk in this special population of non-smoking women. These findings not only enrich environmental carcinogenesis theory but also lay a scientific foundation for developing targeted lung cancer prevention and control strategies for women, particularly providing critical theoretical support for individual protective measures and social intervention policies in high-risk environments.