Beyond Borders: Examining the Experiences of First- and Second-Generation Somalis in Canada

This study investigates the experiences of first and second-generation Somali immigrants as they settled in Western countries in the 1990s. More specifically, their struggles to accept the “Black immigrant” label and the subsequent racism, alienation, and discrimination associated with this assigned identity. Exclusionary Canadian immigration policies were also examined as they relate to the challenges that Somali immigrants faced. In addition, this research examines the factors that impeded the integration process during the initial stages of settlement. Past research indicates that the implementation of Bill C-86 created a host of challenges that prevented socioeconomic progression. This policy resulted in long waiting periods before individuals could apply for permanent resident status. Consequently, immigrants were separated from their families, and their educational and employment opportunities were negatively impacted; this significantly strained familial relationships. Negative media representations prompted discrimination and prejudice against Somali immigrants, which detrimentally affected their mental health and well-being. Although second-generation Somali immigrants are better able to navigate society because they do not face the same barriers (i.e., language barriers), the marginalization of Somali-Canadian youth created distinct challenges. Keywords: Somali Canadian, settlement, Somali immigration, Somali refugees, racial discrimination, second generation