Analisis perbedaan HOMA-β, HOMA-IR, dan kadar HbA1c pada pasien diabetes melitus, prediabetes, dan non-diabetes

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Early identification of metabolic changes in prediabetic individuals is crucial to prevent progression to diabetes. Purpose: To analyze differences in HOMA-β, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c levels in patients with diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and non-diabetics. Method: This study used a cross-sectional analytical design with 47 participants selected through total sampling. Data were collected through interviews and venous blood sampling for fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and HbA1c measurements. HOMA-β and HOMA-IR values ​​were calculated using the standard HOMA formula, and data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with a significance level of p