Representation of Power and Domination in Deviant Religious Practices in the Film Bidaah: A Critical Discourse Study

This study aims to analyse the representation of deviant religious practices and the construction of power in the film Bidaah using the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach. The film was selected for its complex portrayal of religious deviation through the character of Walid, a charismatic spiritual leader who manipulates religious symbols to consolidate personal authority. Practices such as "spiritual marriages" without legal or Islamic validity, ritualistic glorification of the leader, foot-washing rites as a form of tabarruk (seeking blessings), forced abortion, and ideologically driven divorce are examined as forms of deviation cloaked in religious legitimacy. This research employs a qualitative method with content analysis of the film’s narrative, visual symbolism, and dialogue. Data were analysed using Fairclough’s three-stage CDA framework: textual analysis, discursive practice, and sociocultural context. The findings reveal that Bidaah exposes the dynamics of power within a closed religious community, where the spiritual leader monopolises religious interpretation and exerts control over individuals' bodies and choices, especially those of women. The film illustrates how language, symbols, and rituals legitimise exploitation under the guise of piety. These practices are not only deviant from Islamic legal principles, particularly in the domains of aqidah (creed) and fiqh (jurisprudence), but also violate the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid al-sharia), including the protection of intellect, religion, and lineage. In conclusion, Bidaah offers a sharp social critique of the misuse of religious authority as a tool of domination. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to fostering critical religious literacy in society and providing guidance for filmmakers and religious leaders to convey Islamic narratives in a responsible and ethically grounded manner through popular media.