The Effect of Sapindus rarak Extract on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Zn₂SnO₄

This study examined the effect of Sapindus rarak seed extract on the structure and morphology of Zn₂SnO₄ synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Sapindus rarak extract, containing saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, was employed as an environmentally friendly natural capping agent to replace synthetic surfactants. Based on the XRD pattern, the extract with a concentration of 2% produced Zn₂SnO₄ with high crystallinity, as evidenced by sharp and intense diffraction peaks. The ZnO phase appeared at an extract concentration of 4%, indicating a compositional change. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that Sapindus rarak extract had an effect on the morphology of Zn₂SnO₄ particles, resulting in spherical particles with a larger average size compared to samples synthesized without the extract. Active biomolecules in the extract contribute to regulating particle size, inhibiting agglomeration, and increasing material crystallinity. This study shows that Sapindus rarak extract has considerable potential as a natural resource for the environmentally friendly synthesis of nanomaterials. This sustainable and efficient method is optimal for a wide range of clean energy and environmental processing applications.