Compost from bioenzyme waste residue: Weighing environmental benefits against agricultural challenges

Bioenzyme production generates a substantial amount of organic residue that is often discarded despite its nutrient potential. This study aimed to convert bioenzyme waste residue into stable compost and evaluate key physico-chemical, microbial, and phytotoxicity parameters over a 60-day aerobic composting cycle. Bioenzyme residue from citrus peel fermentation was mixed with cow dung and dry leaves in a 1:1 ratio and composted in perforated bins. Progressive reductions in organic carbon and C:N ratio, along with increases in nitrogen and essential minerals, indicated effective decomposition. Microbial activity peaked during the active phase and declined as the compost matured. The germination index exceeded 80%, demonstrating the absence of phytotoxic compounds. Final mineral and heavy metal levels were within FCO (1985) permissible limits. Overall, the study confirms that bioenzyme residue can serve as an efficient feedstock for producing safe, nutrient-rich compost suitable for sustainable agricultural application.