Toxicological effects of insecticides on Bombyx mori: A review and future perspectives

Sericulture, a vital agro-based industry, depends heavily on the health and productivity of the silkworm Bombyx mori. However, pesticide drift and direct contamination of mulberry leaves pose a significant threat to silkworm survival, growth, cocoon quality, and silk yield. This review synthesizes findings from multiple studies on the impact of different insecticide groups—including diamides, neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, insect growth regulators (IGRs), organophosphates, carbamates, avermectins, spinosyns, fungicides, and biopesticides on silkworm biology, physiology, and silk productivity. It details how these chemicals induce neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and impaired silk gland function, leading to reduced larval survival, defective cocoons, and significant yield losses. The review also discusses promising mitigation strategies, such as antioxidant supplementation and the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives. Ultimately, this review underscores the critical need for integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, strengthened pesticide regulation, and enhanced farmer awareness to ensure the long-term sustainability of sericulture.