Role of energy balance in surgical recovery of dairy cattle

Energy balance is a central determinant of health, productivity, and resilience in dairy cattle, particularly during periods of physiological stress such as surgery. Surgical interventions in dairy cows including correction of left displaced abomasum (LDA), cesarean section, rumenotomy, laparotomy, and treatment of traumatic reticulo-peritonitis impose substantial metabolic, inflammatory, and endocrine demands. These demands interact closely with the cow’s energetic status, especially during the periparturient period when negative energy balance (NEB) is common. This review critically examines the role of energy balance in surgical recovery of dairy cattle, integrating concepts from metabolic physiology, immunology, wound healing, and perioperative management. Drawing on literature from 1980 to 2025, the review explores how pre-and post-surgical energy balance influences tissue repair, immune competence, inflammation, postoperative complications, and survival. Special emphasis is placed on common surgical conditions in dairy practice, including LDA correction, uterine surgery, and abdominal procedures. Understanding the interaction between energy metabolism and surgical stress is essential for optimizing perioperative management and improving recovery outcomes in dairy cows.