Ethnoveterinary relevance, immunomodulatory mechanisms, and physiological benefits of Tinospora cordifolia in livestock health management: A review

Ethnoveterinary medicine plays a crucial role in livestock healthcare in resource-limited production systems. Among medicinal plants, Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) has gained prominence due to its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and adaptogenic properties. Indigenous cattle frequently encounter nutritional stress, parasitic burden, and environmental challenges that compromise productivity and health. Evidence indicates that T. cordifolia enhances immune responsiveness, improves hematological indices, and supports metabolic stability through antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions. Molecular studies highlight cytokine modulation and NF-κB signaling pathways underlying its immunomodulatory effects. This review synthesizes ethnoveterinary knowledge, phytochemistry, immunological mechanisms, and physiological benefits of T. cordifolia in livestock health management.