Effect of various management practices on growth and yield in black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Enhancing black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity requires a holistic approach integrating high-quality seed selection, advanced seed treatments and balanced nutrient management. Vigorous seeds ensure optimal plant stands and resilience against abiotic and biotic stresses, while seedling vigor depends on biochemical and physiological attributes such as enzyme activity and reserve metabolites. Seed treatments with micronutrients, fungicides, insecticides and polymers improve germination and early growth without compromising emergence. Fungicides like fludioxonil, carbendazim and thiram effectively control seed-borne pathogens, whereas imidacloprid reduces pest damage during early development. Among innovative techniques, ozone seed treatment has emerged as an eco-friendly alternative that reduces microbial load without toxic residues, aligning with sustainable agricultural practices. Addressing seed dormancy through pre-germination treatments—such as soaking in cold or warm water—can substantially increase germination rates and establishment, particularly under suboptimal conditions. Furthermore, integrated nutrient management (INM), combining manures, fertilizers and biofertilizers enhances nutrient efficiency, soil fertility and yield sustainability. Nitrogen remains one of the most critical macronutrient, while phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, balanced potassium application and micronutrients like zinc, boron and sulphur significantly improve nutrient uptake, grain quality and stress tolerance. The inclusion of nano-fertilizers and organic amendments further promotes nutrient availability while reducing environmental impact. Overall, optimizing seed quality, dormancy management and nutrient integration represents a sustainable method to improve profitability, yield and resilience of black wheat cultivation, supporting both food security and agricultural sustainability in the context of a changing climate.