University autonomy in state higher education: A case study of university governance

This study examines the perception, adoption behavior, and socio-economic determinants influencing farmers’ participation in agroforestry and forest-based livelihood practices. The research was conducted using primary data collected from selected respondents through a structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, adoption indices, and correlation analysis were employed to assess the extent of awareness, attitude, and implementation of improved practices. The findings indicate that education level, landholding size, extension contact, and access to institutional support significantly influenced adoption levels. While a considerable proportion of farmers exhibited a favorable attitude towards agroforestry systems, constraints such as limited technical knowledge, financial limitations, and market uncertainty hindered wider adoption. The study highlights the importance of targeted extension strategies, policy support, and capacity-building programs to enhance sustainable livelihood opportunities. Strengthening institutional linkages and improving access to resources can substantially increase adoption rates and contribute to rural income security and environmental sustainability.