India’s (post)modernisation of its military forces: A very brief review

India has emerged as a major military power in the twenty-first century, possessing one of the largest standing armies in the world. The growing geopolitical challenges in South Asia and beyond have compelled the Government of India to accelerate the modernization of its armed forces while simultaneously promoting self-reliance in defence production. The Union Budget 2026–27 reflects this commitment through a substantial defence allocation of Rs. 7.85 lakh crores, with significant funds dedicated to capital acquisition, research and development, and modernization of military infrastructure. The policy emphasis increasingly focuses on indigenous manufacturing under the broader framework of strategic self-reliance and the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and domestic defence industries play a crucial role in developing advanced technologies, including drones, unmanned aerial vehicles, and next-generation weapon systems. Recent developments, particularly the 2025 Indo-Pakistan military engagement known as Operation Sindoor, have further reinforced the urgency of strengthening India’s military preparedness. The modernization process encompasses all three branches of the armed forces. The Indian Army is being equipped with advanced missile systems, electronic intelligence technologies, and upgraded service rifles. The Indian Navy is expanding its amphibious and maritime capabilities through indigenously built landing platform docks, while the Indian Air Force is inducting modern fighter aircraft, helicopters, and autonomous drone-based systems. Overall, India’s defence strategy combines technological advancement, indigenous production, and strategic preparedness to ensure national security and reduce dependence on foreign military supplies in the evolving global security environment.