Arsenic contamination in groundwater: A comprehensive review

Arsenic contamination in groundwater represents one of the most significant environmental and public health challenges worldwide, affecting millions of people across various continents. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the sources, mechanisms, health impacts, and remediation strategies associated with arsenic in groundwater. Natural geological processes, primarily the weathering of arsenic-bearing minerals, constitute the primary source of contamination, though anthropogenic activities significantly contribute to the problem. Chronic exposure to elevated arsenic levels leads to severe health consequences, including various cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and developmental disorders. This paper examines the geochemical processes governing arsenic mobilization, discusses the most affected regions globally, evaluates detection and monitoring technologies, and reviews both conventional and emerging remediation approaches. Understanding the complexity of arsenic contamination is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies and protecting vulnerable populations.