Optimizing extraction and enhancing stability of flaxseed oil: Toward functional herbal haircare formulations with antimicrobial properties

Flaxseed oil is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, lignans, and bioactive compounds with potential applications in hair care. This study evaluated flaxseed oil extracted via Soxhlet and cold-press methods, its stabilization by blending with olive oil, and formulation into herbal hair products including hair oil, serum, and mask. Cold-pressed oil exhibited superior oxidative stability and antioxidant activity compared to Soxhlet-extracted oil. Blending with olive oil further enhanced stability and bioactive retention. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, steroids, and glycosides. Antioxidant activity of the blended oil was highest (29.23% inhibition). Herbal hair formulations displayed desirable sensory properties and pH compatible with scalp physiology. Antioxidant evaluation showed highest radical scavenging activity in hair serum (52.86%). All formulations exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and antifungal activity against Malassezia spp., with the hair mask and hair oil showing strongest effects, respectively. These findings demonstrate that flaxseed-olive oil-based herbal formulations are multifunctional, safe, and effective for scalp protection and hair health.