Magnetic microrobots in biomedicine: Design, navigation and clinical prospects

Magnetic microrobots are gaining attention as powerful tools in biomedicine, with applications in targeted drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, and cell transport. Their wireless operation, precision, and biocompatibility make them attractive for clinical use. This review summarizes recent progress in magnetic micro robotics, covering propulsion methods, material innovations, fabrication techniques, navigation strategies, and degradation mechanisms. Magnetic actuation is highlighted for its advantages in enabling safe, non-invasive, and remotely controlled motion. Developments in biodegradable materials, biohybrid architectures, and advanced fabrication approaches such as 3D printing and bio-templating are discussed. Key biomedical applications and ongoing challenges-particularly limited magnetic field penetration and navigation complexity-are evaluated. Future perspectives emphasize artificial intelligence and novel materials as pathways to accelerate clinical translation and advance precision medicine.