Food Consumption Pattern and Socio-Cultural Beliefs among Paraja Community of Koraput District, Odisha

This study examined food consumption patterns and socio-cultural dimensions of food practices among the Paraja community of Koraput district, Odisha. A descriptive cross-sectional design was conducted in 25 purposively selected villages, covering 400 households with at least one under-five child. Data was collected using 24-hour dietary recall, food frequency questionnaires, structured interviews, and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative information was thematically analyzed. The findings revealed a predominantly cereal-based diet, with universal daily consumption of rice and millets, moderate weekly intake of animal-source foods, and limited consumption of fruits, green leafy vegetables, dairy products, nuts, and oilseeds. Pulses were consumed irregularly, indicating potential gaps in plant-based protein intake. Fish consumption was relatively higher than other animal foods, reflecting ecological accessibility and traditional livelihood practices. High reliance on tea and traditional alcoholic beverages was also observed. Beyond nutrition, food practices were deeply embedded in spiritual life, ecological ethics, and social organization. Ritual offerings, harvest festivals, dietary taboos, and life-cycle food rituals functioned as indigenous mechanisms regulating food use and resource management. Overall, while the Paraja food system demonstrates cultural resilience and ecological adaptation, dietary diversity remains limited, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive, nutrition-focused interventions that strengthen indigenous food systems.