Childhood and adolescent obesity in India: A growing public health challenge

Background: Childhood and adolescent obesity has emerged as a major public health concern globally, with a rapid rise observed in low- and middle-income countries, including India. The coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition has resulted in a triple burden of malnutrition. Objective: This manuscript aims to review the epidemiology, determinants, health consequences, and policy responses related to childhood and adolescent obesity in India. Methods: Data were synthesized from national surveys (NFHS-5, CNNS), global reports (WHO, UNICEF), and published literature. Government initiatives and policy frameworks addressing obesity prevention were also reviewed. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Indian children and adolescents has increased sharply over the past two decades. NFHS-5 reports a rise of 125% among adolescent girls and 288% among boys. Increased consumption of ultra-processed foods, sedentary lifestyles, and aggressive food marketing are major drivers. Obesity is associated with early onset of non-communicable diseases, psychological distress, and economic burden. India has initiated several multi-sectoral interventions, including POSHAN Abhiyaan, Fit India Movement, Eat Right India, and NP-NCD. Conclusion: Childhood and adolescent obesity in India requires urgent, coordinated action. Strengthening preventive strategies, regulating unhealthy food environments, promoting physical activity, and enhancing nutrition literacy are essential to safeguard future generations.