A retrospective observational study on complete placenta previa and its effect on maternal and fetal outcome

Background: Antepartum haemorrhage is one of the major contributors to maternal and perinatal morbidity, even in the era of advanced obstetric care. Placenta previa is one of the major causes of antepartum haemorrhage, associated with recurrent painless bleeding, which may mandate the emergency cesarean delivery and blood transfusions and is frequently associated with neonatal complications.Aim: To evaluate the maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with placenta previa in a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study on 50 cases of placenta previa confirmed on ultrasonography. Multiple maternal and neonatal parameters were assessed, along with perioperative and neonatal complications, which were analysed using a structured study proforma and data collection. Results: On analysis of the results, the study population of 20-25 years of age majorly and 70% were primigravidae. Almost 48% of the cases presented at 36 weeks of gestation, requiring the cesarean section in 96% of the cases, predominantly due to antepartum haemorrhage (82%). Uncontrolled PPH was managed with emergency hysterectomy in 4% of the patients. Among the neonates, 92% were born alive, while 38% had low birth weight. Stillbirth and Neonatal death accounted for 2% and 6%, respectively. Conclusion: In this study cohort placenta previa was commonly observed among the young primigravida women and was associated with significant rates of emergency cesarean section, largely due to antepartum haemorrhage. The neonatal survival was favourable but carries the continued risk of prematurity. Hence, the prompt actions by early diagnosis, surveillance and timely intervention remain essential.