Role of USG in detection and evaluation of congenital anomalies

Introduction: Congenital anomalies are structural or functional abnormalities that occur during intrauterine life and are a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early detection of these anomalies during pregnancy is essential for appropriate obstetric management and improving neonatal outcomes. Ultrasonography (USG) has become the primary imaging modality for antenatal screening due to its safety, non-invasiveness, and diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based observational study was conducted in the Department of Radio-diagnosis at SBKS Institute of Medical Sciences, Vadodara, Gujarat. A total of 3500 pregnant women undergoing routine antenatal ultrasonography were included in the study. Pregnant women referred from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and OPD of Dhiraj Hospital were evaluated for fetal anomalies. Maternal demographic details, obstetric history, and clinical variables were recorded. Ultrasonographic examination was performed using standard obstetric scanning protocols to assess fetal anatomy and identify congenital anomalies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as numbers and percentages. Results: Among the 3500 pregnancies screened, 95 fetal anomalies were detected, giving an overall prevalence of 2.7%. The majority of anomalies were detected during the second trimester. Central nervous system (CNS) anomalies were the most common (34.7%), followed by cardiovascular anomalies (18.9%), renal system anomalies (15.8%), and gastrointestinal anomalies (10.5%). Other anomalies included face and neck (9.5%), skeletal (6.3%), and respiratory system anomalies (4.3%). Spina bifida, hydrocephalus, and hydronephrosis were among the frequently observed abnormalities. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is an effective and reliable modality for the early detection of fetal congenital anomalies. Routine antenatal anomaly scanning, particularly during the second trimester, plays a crucial role in timely diagnosis, parental counselling, and appropriate obstetric management, thereby improving perinatal outcomes.