Simulation Training in Surgical Education: Experience and Innovative Methods

The traditional surgical education model ("see one, do one, teach one") no longer meets contemporary patient safety standards. Simulation training, based on the principles of deliberate practice, is a fundamental component of modern medical education. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current state of surgical simulation training, summarize data on the efficacy of various training formats, including the development of Non-Technical Skills (NTS) and economic profitability, and identify promising future directions for simulation technologies in CIS countries. A systematic narrative review of domestic and foreign literature (2003–2025) was performed. Various training formats (dry-lab, wet-lab, VR technologies) were analyzed, and indicators of proven efficacy were examined, including the skill transfer coefficient, Return on Investment (ROI), and the impact on non-technical skills. The combined approach (dry-lab → VR → wet-lab) provides optimal training, achieving a skill transfer coefficient in clinical practice of up to 88.9%. A 91.7% increase in surgeon confidence and a 58.3% reduction in operative time were noted. Simulation has proven effective in developing NTS and demonstrates a positive ROI due to reduced complications. Simulation infrastructure is actively being developed in CIS countries. Conclusions: Simulation training has proven its effectiveness and is an integral part of surgical preparation. Key challenges (high cost, simulation gap) were identified, and practical recommendations were proposed. Future development is linked to the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the advancement of telesimulation, and the standardization of competency assessment.