Mongol Invasions of Khurasan

Chapter 1 (years 615/1218 to 676/1278). How eastern Persia-the lands congruent with eastern Iran and most of Afghanistan-came to experience the wrath of the Mongols. Included is Table 1.1, “A Chronological Guide to the Mongol Invasions of Khurasan and Transoxiana, 615/1218 to 619/1222,” with dates for the known attacks on cities and settlements. The story begins with preparations for war by the Mongols, the march of its armies, and the conquests of Persia. Focus is on the major cities of the Iranian east, viz., province of Khurasan, and its four quarters: Nishapur, Balkh, Marw, and Herat. Unfolds the Mongol campaigns across Khurasan, and the sieges of Balkh, Marw, and Nishapur, with emphasis on the two sieges of Herat to show how the city was left ruined and depopulated. Examines also the types of military equipment used by the Mongols (based on descriptions in Persian sources). Mongol military tactics, techniques, strategies, and procedures are explained.