3D cephalometric analysis of orbital aperture dimensions and shapes: a single-center cross-sectional study

Orbital morphometric parameters are of clinical importance in cases of traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, tumors, and other pathological conditions. The morphology of the orbital apertures demonstrates both individual and population variability. Despite the presence of several publications, studies of cephalometric orbital parameters based on three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) remain limited. Objective. To assess the dimensions and shapes of orbital apertures using 3D cephalometric analysis. Methods. A single-center cross-sectional study was conducted, including CT data of adult patients. Cephalometric measurements of linear and angular orbital parameters were performed; facial and orbital indices were calculated; the shapes of orbital apertures, orbital cavity, and supraorbital margin were determined. Automated image analysis was implemented using artificial intelligence algorithms. Statistical processing was performed using descriptive and comparative methods at a significance level of p0.05). No statistically significant sex-related differences in linear orbital dimensions were observed. Facial parameters were significantly greater in males (p