A Comparative Analysis Of The Responsibilities Of Directors And Commissioners In Indonesian And Thai Company Law: A Perspective On The Protection Of Shareholders And Creditors

Unlawful acts constitute one of the fundamental institutions in civil law, serving as the basis of liability for any party that causes damage to another outside a contractual relationship. This concept plays a strategic role in providing legal protection, maintaining a balance of interests, and realizing justice in civil relationships. This study aims to analyze the regulation of unlawful acts in civil law in Indonesia and Thailand, as well as to examine examples of the legal consequences arising from such acts in practice. The research method employed is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a comparative law approach. Legal materials were obtained through library research on legislation, legal doctrines, jurisprudence, and relevant scientific journals. The results indicate that Indonesia regulates unlawful acts in a general manner through Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code, the development of which is strongly influenced by legal doctrine and jurisprudence, thereby providing flexibility in the enforcement of substantive justice. Meanwhile, Thailand regulates unlawful acts more systematically under the Thai Civil and Commercial Code, with an emphasis on elements of fault, causal relationship, and proof of damage, resulting in a higher degree of legal certainty. These regulatory differences have implications for variations in determining legal consequences and compensation in judicial practice in each country. Keywords: unlawful acts; civil law; comparative law.